Employment structure and rural-urban migration in a Tamil Nadu village: focusing on differences by economic class

Since the mid-1990s, migration of workforces from rural to urban areas has accelerated in south India accompanied by remarkable urban-based economic development. To investigate the nature of such ruralurban migration in detail, especially any differences influenced by economic class, a study village was selected from the Madurai District. The detailed analysis found the existence of clear inter-class difference in terms of the shift to non-agricultural occupations; that is, the wealthier class tended to find more remunerable non-agricultural jobs, such as white-collar jobs. The most striking finding was that the traditional class structure in rural India based on ownership of farmland was basically unchanged even after nonagricultural jobs became much more important. This was because of the huge expenditure for education necessary to acquire remunerable jobs and the differential access to credit markets among the different classes

Privacy on the internet : Investigation into corporate privacy policy of Australian large private sector organisations on the internet

The popularity of the Internet has been dramatically increased over recent years. The rapid growth of this technology and its international use has made it almost impossible to regulate the internet. As a result, the Internet has certainly provided freedoms to people and it has led to some abusing systems. Privacy is one of the major issues in the development of Electronic Commerce using the Internet. As an enormous amount of personal information is transmitted to several hosts connecting to the Internet, the information can be accessed by both authorised and unauthorised people. Although it is certain that there are several existing problems of using the Internet for business activities, many organisations have already started using it. It is believed that the Internet provides efficiency and effectiveness for various activities Although much research has been described the business use of the Internet in many countries, these studies have not specifically investigated Australian organisations. Therefore, this research investigates the current use of the Internet by Australian organisations and their associated privacy policies, as a means of seeking their privacy concerns. Using a benchmark provided by Australian privacy commissioners, it evaluates their privacy policies to see how well they are established to protect privacy of users. The study utilises the top 100 Australian large private sector organisations as the sample. The current practice of the sample organisations on the Internet was observed by exploring their Web sites. Privacy policies were also collected from their Web sites. Moreover, a letter requesting corporate privacy policy was sent to each organisation that collects personal information on the Internet. The result showed that the majority of Australian organisations were using the Internet today, but a surprisingly few organisations showed their privacy policy on the Internet. Also, this research showed that many organisations did not actually have a corporate privacy policy. Many organisations are using the Internet without apparent concern for customers\u27 privacy. The organisations proactively involved in the Internet Commerce are more concerned about security side of the Internet. Hence, they appear to believe that the technology itself protects information sent on the Internet. It has become clear that technology by itself does not provide the security needed for users of the Internet as unethical act of authorised parties could harm privacy of individuals. There is an argument that the Internet needs to be regulated. However, the process of international regulation on the Internet has not been started. Thus, it is ideal that organisations proactively protect clients\u27 personal information accessible by the use of the Internet technology. This study looks at the methods of obtaining privacy of individuals and suggests the ideal conduct of organisations

Development of un-irradiated and un-spiked laser fusion K-Ar dating for single grain minerals (2nd report)

A laser fusion K-Ar dating has been developed as an in-situ micro measurement of radiometric ages applicable for less-abundant minerals found on thin sections [1, 2]. Strong induced radio-activities in Fe-rich minerals by neutron irradiation prohibits collecting sufficient amount of mineral separates, which partly limits applications of Ar-Ar method[3]. Nonetheless, once K-Ar method establish for a single grain mineral containing trace K with <0.1 wt%, much wider applications are anticipated, e.g. fine minerals of hydrothermal origin. Thus, we have installed a laser fusion apparatus to GVI-5400He noble gas mass spectrometer of JAMSTEC, as a part of the TAIGA-project: Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas. Quantitative determination of K for trace concentration, approx. 0.1wt%, using EPMA sometimes faces poor accuracy and/or precision for a requirement of accurate dating. Thus we have been tested single grain K measurement under a low blank protocol using graphite furnace atomizer to ensure high sensitivities. This K measurement follows a laser fusion Ar measurement applied to the retrieved single melted mineral grain itself. An accurate K-Ar age determination requireds complete retrieval both K and radiogenic Ar. Thus, conditions laser irradiation and K quantitation have investigated using SORI-93 K-Ar standard [4]. Our preliminary results show a 15% older averaged age with more than 10% deviation for recommended age for SORI-93 (92.6+/-0.6Ma, [4]), which is still under investigation. [1] Sato et al. (2008) Chikyukagaku, 42, 179-199. [2] Sato et al. (2011) JpGU annual meeting 2011. [3] Ishibashi et al. (2009) J. Geogr., 118, 1186-1204. [4] Sudo et al. (1998) Geochemical J., 32, 49-58.SGL43-P02ポスター要旨 / 日本地球惑星科学連合2012年大会（2012年5月20日～5月25日, 幕張メッセ国際会議場） / 日本惑星科学連合の許諾に基づき本文ファイルを掲

MTRAP: Pairwise sequence alignment algorithm by a new measure based on transition probability between two consecutive pairs of residues

BACKGROUND: Sequence alignment is one of the most important techniques to analyze biological systems. It is also true that the alignment is not complete and we have to develop it to look for more accurate method. In particular, an alignment for homologous sequences with low sequence similarity is not in satisfactory level. Usual methods for aligning protein sequences in recent years use a measure empirically determined. As an example, a measure is usually defined by a combination of two quantities (1) and (2) below: (1) the sum of substitutions between two residue segments, (2) the sum of gap penalties in insertion/deletion region. Such a measure is determined on the assumption that there is no an intersite correlation on the sequences. In this paper, we improve the alignment by taking the correlation of consecutive residues. RESULTS: We introduced a new method of alignment, called MTRAP by introducing a metric defined on compound systems of two sequences. In the benchmark tests by PREFAB 4.0 and HOMSTRAD, our pairwise alignment method gives higher accuracy than other methods such as ClustalW2, TCoffee, MAFFT. Especially for the sequences with sequence identity less than 15%, our method improves the alignment accuracy significantly. Moreover, we also showed that our algorithm works well together with a consistency-based progressive multiple alignment by modifying the TCoffee to use our measure. CONCLUSIONS: We indicated that our method leads to a significant increase in alignment accuracy compared with other methods. Our improvement is especially clear in low identity range of sequences. The source code is available at our web page, whose address is found in the section "Availability and requirements"